Everything about Alonso Fern Ndez De Lugo totally explained
Javier Alonso Luis Fernández de Lugo (?-
1525) was a
Spanish military man,
conquistador,
city founder, and administrator. He conquered the islands of
La Palma (1492-1493) and
Tenerife (1494-1496) for the
Castilian Crown; they were the last of the
Canary Islands to be conquered by Europeans. He was also the founder of the towns of
San Cristóbal de La Laguna and
Santa Cruz de La Palma. One biographer has written that his personality was a “terrible mixture of cruelty and ambition or greed, on one part, and on the other a great capacity and sense for imposing order and government on conquered lands,” a trait found in the conquistadors of the
New World.
Early life
Fernández de Lugo was born in
Sanlúcar de Barrameda, in
Spain, during the reign of
Ferdinand and Isabella, though his family was of
Galician origin; his relatives, as his surname indicates, originated in the city of
Lugo and other Galician locales.
Nothing much is known of his youth. He enlisted in the navy and ended up achieving the rank of
Adelantado and Captain General of the
African coasts. In
1478, he participated in the conquest of
Gran Canaria under the command of
Juan Rejón. Later, he fought alongside
Pedro de Vera, Rejón's successor as governor of Gran Canaria, who conferred on him command of the castle of
Agaete on the island of Gran Canaria.
Conquest of La Palma
He returned to Spain to solicit financial aid from the Crown to conquer Tenerife and La Palma. He was named governor of La Palma and granted 700,000
maravedis with the condition that he conquer the island within a year.
The conquest of La Palma began on
September 29,
1492, when Fernández de Lugo landed on the beaches of
Tazacorte. He encountered fierce resistance from some
Guanche chiefs there. However, the
menceys, or Guanche kings, of La Palma surrendered in April 1493, with the exception of
Tanausu, who ruled the area known as Acero (Caldera de Taburiente).
However, Tanausu was ambushed and captured in May 1493 after agreeing to a truce arranged by Fernández de Lugo and Juan de Palma, a Guanche who had converted to
Christianity and who was a relative of Tanausu. The conquest of La Palma was completed on
May 3,
1493. He left the administration of La Palma in the hands of his nephew Juan, and planned the conquest of Tenerife.
Conquest of Tenerife
During the conquest of Tenerife, he suffered a severe defeat at the
First Battle of Acentejo (May 31, 1494). At the First Battle of Acentejo, Fernández de Lugo, though wounded, had been able to escape with his life only by exchanging the red cape of an Adelantado for that of a common soldier. An additional detail from that battle, however, was that a rock thrown at Fernández de Lugo's head by a Guanche resulted in his losing most of his teeth.
By October 1495, he'd gathered together a second, larger army, and received assistance from the
Duke of Medina Sidonia and other nobles. Humiliated and cautious after the First Battle of Acentejo, which had been disastrous for the Spaniards, Fernández de Lugo had advanced gradually across the island, building and rebuilding forts. The expedition, which Lugo had funded with the sale of all of his properties, had landed at Añazo, where he built two towers on the spot where he'd constructed his first fort before his prior defeat. He had more experienced troops under his command -these included 1,000 foot soldiers, veterans of the conquest of
Granada, lent to him by the
Duke of Medina Sidonia. Fernández de Lugo also had the support of Ferdinand and Isabella, who had given him ten more months to complete his conquest of the Canaries. During this time of regrouping, he also captured many slaves in the area. With this better-planned military strategy, he achieved victory over the Guanches of Tenerife at the Battle of Aguere and
Second Battle of Acentejo (December 25, 1495).
After the Conquest
He was named governor and chief justice of both Tenerife and La Palma. He was named Adelantado on January 12, 1503, a title confirmed again by
Charles I of Spain, in Barcelona, on August 17, 1519. It was an inherited title. Fernández de Lugo was given extensive powers over these islands, since he'd been financially responsible for their conquest. On La Palma, he'd control over the distribution of land and water. Though he preferred to live on Tenerife, Fernández de Lugo reserved the rich area of
Los Sauces on La Palma, north of the island's capital, for himself. His nephew and lieutenant received La Caldera in
1502.
His rule as adelantado was characterized by extreme
despotism and harsh rule, and he treated the defeated Guanches like spoils of war. Legally, Guanches were regarded as being at the same level of Moors –in other words, enemies of
Christianity- and he sold many of them into slavery. His treatment of his defeated subjects was so harsh that Ferdinand and Isabella intervened, requesting that the governor of Gran Canaria, Sánchez de Valenzuela, free some of the Guanches who had been enslaved by his counterpart in Tenerife.
On both islands, he exercised civil and criminal jurisdiction and the right to appoint and dismiss judicial deputies, and also had control over the disposition of slaves and inhabitants' entry and exit from the islands. Fernández de Lugo also introduced measures to limit the sale of land to create a permanent base of settlers.
He oversaw extension immigration to Tenerife and La Palma during a short period from the late 1490s to the
1520s from mainland Europe, and immigrants included
Castilians,
Portuguese,
Italians,
Catalans,
Basques, and
Flemings. At subsequent judicial enquiries, Fernández de Lugo was accused of favoring
Genoese and Portuguese immigrants over Castilians.
On Tenerife, he founded the town of San Cristóbal de La Laguna. La Plaza del Adelantado and Calle Adelantado, in this town, are named after him. A local legend states that upon the death of one of his sons in the town, Fernández de Lugo ordered that the street of La Carrera be made twisted rather than straight so that he wouldn't have to see the site of his son's death from his residence.
On La Palma, he founded the town of Santa Cruz de La Palma (at first called
Villa del Apurión) on
May 3,
1493.
On
July 21,
1509 he'd transferred his titles and rights of the African coast, acquired in
1499, to his son,
Pedro Fernández de Lugo, who later participated in expeditions to the
New World.
Alonso Fernández de Lugo appeared on a
1961 postal stamp for the
Spanish Sahara.
Image:AlonsoFernandezdeLugo3.JPG|The surrender to the Adelantado (full painting)
Image:CalleTorcida.JPG|The twisted street in La Laguna, Tenerife
Image:Casadeladelantado.JPG|Casa del Adelantado, La Laguna
Image:PlazadelAdelantado.JPG|Plaza del Adelantado, La Laguna
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